The Story of Split Rock Lighthouse: Guiding Light on Lake Superior
Travel with us to the North Shore for a visit to the iconic Split Rock Lighthouse, where history illuminates and nature mesmerizes, and find out our tips for making the most of your visit to Lake Superior!🏮🌊
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Quick Summary
Explore the captivating history and enduring charm of Split Rock Lighthouse on Lake Superior’s North Shore.
- Discover the historical significance of Split Rock Lighthouse, from its construction in 1910 to guiding ore ships on Lake Superior.
- Learn about the challenges faced by the lighthouse keepers and how advancements in technology eventually led to the lighthouse’s closure.
- Find out what visitors can experience at Split Rock Lighthouse today, including tours, exhibits, and unique photography opportunities.
Split Rock Lighthouse on Lake Superior
Nestled along the rugged coast of Lake Superior in Minnesota (near Duluth), the Split Rock Lighthouse stands as a beacon of history and beauty.
Opening its doors in the summer of 1910, this lighthouse was initially built to guide massive ore ships navigating the treacherous waters near the lake’s rocky shoreline. With time, the lighthouse became more than just a navigational aid. By 1940, its stunning location on the North Shore had transformed it into one of the United States’ most visited lighthouses. Its picturesque setting not only captivates the eyes of visitors but also tells a tale of maritime safety and history.
The Need for a Lighthouse
The early twentieth century witnessed a dramatic surge in iron ore shipments on Lake Superior. This period saw United States Steel’s bulk ore carriers grow into the world’s largest privately-owned freight fleet. The booming ore trade brought with it an increased demand for navigational aids along Lake Superior’s notoriously treacherous North Shore.
A devastating storm on November 28, 1905, highlighted the perilous nature of these waters. In this single event, twenty-nine ships sustained damage, with a third being the uninsured property of the steel company’s fleet. Notably, two of these ships were wrecked along the rocky coastline, an area often referred to as “the most dangerous piece of water in the world.” This tragedy prompted immediate action. A delegation led by the steamship company’s president urgently approached Washington, D.C., leading to Congress appropriating $75,000 in early 1907. This fund was dedicated to constructing a lighthouse and fog signal near Split Rock, a testament to the dire need for enhanced maritime safety in the region.
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Construction of the Lighthouse
The construction of Split Rock Lighthouse is a story of remarkable engineering skill and determination, undertaken by a company already adept at building in remote locations. The Duluth-based firm L. D. Campbell & Son was tasked with this challenging project. They assembled a diverse team of skilled laborers from across the Great Lakes region, including carpenters, brick masons, demolition experts for dynamiting the cliff’s hard rock to lay foundations, and general laborers.
One of the initial hurdles faced by the construction team in the spring of 1909 was the establishment of a steam-powered hoist and derrick. This equipment was crucial for lifting supplies off boats from Lake Superior, over 110 feet below the cliff. The construction process required a dedicated crew of thirty-five to fifty men, who were resupplied by boat throughout the construction period.
The perseverance of the workers was evident as they spent thirteen months on the isolated cliff, taking a break only during the harshest winter months. Their hard work and tenacity paid off when the Split Rock Light Station was completed. The lighthouse first cast its guiding light over Lake Superior on July 31, 1910, marking a significant milestone in maritime safety and engineering.
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Life at the Lighthouse
Upon their arrival in the summer of 1910, the first keepers of Split Rock Lighthouse were greeted by a remote and stark environment. The cliff top, once dotted with trees, had been cleared during construction, leaving it exposed to the relentless howling of the wind.
In these early years, the lighthouse’s isolation was profound. Accessible only by boat due to its location, the station was cut off from the mainland. This isolation meant that supplies and visitors were a rarity. The journey to the lighthouse was so challenging that many keepers’ families only stayed for brief periods, typically departing when school began. The keepers themselves would leave the station during its annual winter shutdown in December.
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The situation began to change in 1924 with the construction of the Lake Superior International Highway. This road stretched along the North Shore, connecting Duluth to Canada, and significantly eased access to the lighthouse. It allowed for more regular deliveries of supplies, visits from family and friends, and the constant presence of the keepers’ families.
By the 1930s, the keepers and their families were able to live at the station year-round. Children traveled by bus to schools in nearby Beaver Bay and Two Harbors. However, this increased accessibility brought new challenges. The influx of visitors necessitated guidance from the Lighthouse Service headquarters on how to manage the crowds. It also led to the installation of safety fences along the cliff’s edge, ensuring the well-being of the increasing number of guests.
Technological Changes and Closure
Over time, the tools and technology at the Split Rock Lighthouse underwent significant changes. The original kerosene lamps and gasoline-powered fog horns were replaced by electric lights and compressors. Despite these technological advancements, the essence of the keepers’ duties remained unchanged. Their commitment to round-the-clock operation of the navigational equipment was unwavering. Day-to-day maintenance consumed most of their time, leaving them with just a few hours in the evening to spend with their families before the night watches commenced.
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By 1969, the role of the lighthouse in navigation had diminished significantly. Advances in navigational technology, such as radar and LORAN (Long Range Navigation), rendered the traditional lighthouse obsolete. Recognizing its historical and scenic value, the State of Minnesota acquired the landmark in 1971. Today, the Split Rock Lighthouse is a centerpiece of the Minnesota Department of Natural Resources’ operation. The surrounding area, now known as Split Rock Lighthouse State Park, spans over 2,200 acres. It offers a variety of recreational activities to its visitors, including hiking, picnicking, and tent camping, allowing a new generation to appreciate this historic site in a different light.
Visiting Split Rock Lighthouse Today
Today, it beckons travelers not just for its historical significance but for a chance to experience a slice of Northern Minnesota’s rich heritage. As a visitor, you can step back in time and explore the lighthouse’s fascinating past, while also enjoying the scenic beauty and tranquility of its surroundings. Whether you’re a history buff, a photography enthusiast, or simply seeking a unique adventure, Split Rock Lighthouse offers an array of experiences that bring its story and the region’s maritime history to life.
Visitor Center
A visit to Split Rock Lighthouse begins at the Visitor Center, where you can immerse yourself in the rich history of this iconic landmark. The center offers a self-guided tour that leads you through the fascinating story of the lighthouse. Don’t miss the introductory film, “The Story of Split Rock Lighthouse.” This 13-minute journey features original and rare archival footage, along with first-person accounts from newspapers, storm survivors, lighthouse builders, and keepers. It’s a captivating way to understand the dramatic history of storms, shipwrecks, and the lighthouse itself on Lake Superior.
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Exhibits
The exhibits at the Visitor Center are the perfect starting point for understanding the significance of Lake Superior shipping. Here, you’ll learn about the famous shipwrecks that led to the construction of the lighthouse. The displays are rich with artifacts and detailed information on the history of the lighthouse and the North Shore.
Photography at the Rock
For photography enthusiasts, “Photography at the Rock” is a must-see. This monthly rotating photography show in the Visitor Center’s lobby showcases the work of local landscape and wildlife photographers. The event calendar for Split Rock Lighthouse provides details on when featured photographers will be present to discuss their work with visitors.
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Museum Store
The Museum Store is a treasure trove for souvenirs and memorabilia. From maritime décor and north woods artwork to Split Rock Lighthouse-themed items, the store offers a wide range of products. You’ll find apparel, Duluth packs, mugs, toys, jewelry, and many locally crafted items. And for those unable to visit in person, a selection of souvenir items is available online.
Keeper’s Tour
For an immersive experience, join the Keeper’s Tour. This 60-minute guided tour allows you to walk in the footsteps of the lighthouse keepers and their families. It includes access to the lighthouse and keeper’s house, as well as general admission to the site. The tour, limited to 10 people, offers a unique perspective on the daily lives and responsibilities of those who maintained the lighthouse.
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Fun Facts on Split Rock Lighthouse and Lake Superior
In the early 20th century, Lake Superior was famously described by American novelist James Oliver Curwood as “the most dangerous piece of water in the world.” This reputation underscored the vital role of the Split Rock Lighthouse in ensuring the safety of ships navigating these formidable waters. Here are some fast facts that highlight the remarkable features of Split Rock Lighthouse and its surrounding environment:
- Lake Superior’s Elevation: Lake Superior sits at an elevation of 602 feet above sea level, making it the largest and northernmost of the Great Lakes.
- Height of the Tower: The tower of Split Rock Lighthouse measures 54 feet in height, a prominent structure against the lake’s vast expanse.
- Cliff Height: The lighthouse is strategically located atop a cliff that soars 130 feet above the lake, offering a commanding view of the surrounding waters.
- Range of the Light: The lighthouse’s light has an official range of 22 miles, crucial for guiding ships through Lake Superior’s challenging waters.
